Ultrasonic testing, or UT as it is commonly called, is the procedure of introducing a high frequency sound wave into one exterior side of a material, and reflecting the sound wave from its interior surface to produce a precise measurement of wall thickness. The round trip duration of travel, divided by the known sound velocity through that particular material, provides a wall thickness measurement equally accurate to a micrometer reading.

     Ultrasound is a well proven and respected diagnostic tool routinely employed for weld and flaw detection in critical applications such as aviation, aerospace, military, and nuclear power. Yet, while improvements in instrumentation have moved this technology into other areas such as manufacturing and quality control, its benefits to plant engineers and property owners as a diagnostic and predictive tool are still widely unknown and underutilized.

     As a nondestructive method, UT offers obvious advantages over cutting out pipe for metallurgical inspection. It is non intrusive, accurate, reliable, safe to both building and inspection personnel, provides immediate results, requires no system shutdown, and is extremely cost effective. See Technical Bulletin # P-8 about the differences between nondestructive and destructive testing.

     Depending upon the measurement technique, degree of testing, and data analysis method used, ultrasound can produce a general assessment of building piping condition, provide direction for capital projects, or focus in on a specific area of concern.

     Such advance information is becoming more valuable to plant engineers as the former "run to failure" mode of operation moves toward one where all known vulnerabilities of an HVAC operation are known and monitored, and where long term planning has hopefully replaced unexpected failures and emergency repairs.

     Establishing the condition of an aged piping system becomes especially important due to its critical function in any HVAC building environment, and due to the wide variety of problems which can potentially develop.

     Though not often recognized by building owners and operators, the corrosion threat to most piping systems has increased significantly over the past 20 years. This is due to less effective chemical corrosion inhibitors, more corrosion susceptible steels, less tolerant engineering practices - and yet, always greater operating demands.

     Compared to steel pipe installed in the 1950's, and where a 1 mil per year (MPY) corrosion rate could be reliably assumed, most open water cooling or process water systems average 3-5 MPY or greater today. Low pressure open water cooling tower systems, once exclusively constructed using schedule 80 or extra strong pipe until the early 1970's, are now installed with schedule 40 and even ultra thin schedule 10 as a means to cut material and installation costs. Review a summary of piping quality, operating, and design changes which have occurred.

     Chemical treatment programs are far less effective in all but the most strictly maintained and highly monitored piping systems, yet still fail to equal the corrosion control of decades ago. At the same time that microbiological agents are being recognized as a significant factor in many high corrosion rate scenarios, stricter environmental regulations have not only cut the effectiveness of many chemical biocides, but reduced their active half life as well.

     Regular monitoring for corrosion and system life is often lacking for all but the largest or most critical building operations. Even when employed, most testing methods provide little information relative to the true corrosion activity existing within the piping system.

     Corrosion coupons, the most commonly used and widely accepted means of corrosion monitoring, exclude most of the environmental forces normally acting against a carbon steel pipe recirculating system. Typically housed in an isolated loop separate of the main piping system, corrosion coupons never suffer the negative consequences of galvanic activity, flow rate, biofilm attachment, erosion, and most importantly - under deposit attack.

     Although providing a relative indication of chemical effectiveness, corrosion coupons can significantly under report actual pipe losses by a factor of 10 or greater - this often to the surprise of building owners and operators years later, and after substantial piping damage has occurred. Read more about the limitations of corrosion coupons.

     While the threat of a piping leak is an obvious concern, a high corrosion condition can produce even more serious secondary effects which can often exist for years without being detected.

     A low to moderate corrosion rate of 3 MPY at a 12 in. condenser water pipe for example, while seemingly minor, actually translates to a physical loss of 39 lbs. of steel per every 100 linear feet. At 10 MPY, approximately 128 lbs. of metal is lost. Multiplied by the number of years in service, and overall length, and the true magnitude of system corrosion takes on much greater significance than when reported as simply 1, 2, or 5 mils per year.

     Various weight losses for different pipe sizes and corrosion rates can be found at Table C-1 below.

     But while even a 5 MPY loss of metal can be tolerated by some piping systems for an extended period of time before resulting in a leak, it is the deposits created, and their eventual deposition, that will inevitably produce even more serious long term problems.

     Steel, when corroded back into iron oxide, produces a significantly greater volume of less dense material. This, in turn, ultimately creates a substantial loss of heat transfer efficiency, constricted flow, and under deposit wall loss. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is perhaps the greatest threat. See Technical Bulletin # C-5 for more about the threat of MIC.

      Given a 5 MPY corrosion rate at 12 in. pipe, approximately 2.6 cubic feet is created per every 100 linear feet. Over a decade, and throughout a large building property, enormous volumes of foreign debris will normally accumulate unless filtered out. See Technical Bulletin C-4 about the problems associated with interior deposits.

     An estimate of deposits created for different pipe sizes and corrosion rates can be found at Table C-2 below.

     Whether a piping system is open or closed becomes far more significant where such internal deposits are concerned. Closed system deposits often remain hidden for years, whereas a condenser water or process cooling problem will reveal itself much sooner at the cooling tower pans, strainers, condenser tubes or heat exchanger plates.

     An open cooling tower loop typically blows down 10% or some proportion of its recirculation rate in order to prevent scaling - thereby also providing the removal of some particulates from the system. Supplemental filtration may also be in use.

      Closed piping systems, by definition, contain and concentrate their foreign deposits - with all heat exchanger coils, horizontal lines, and lowest points of the system often providing ideal settlement areas. Except where a problem has already been identified, filtration is rarely provided for closed systems.

     For most building operations, responsibility for the current piping condition may span across multiple property owners and an even greater number of HVAC plant operators. Most likely, various water treatment contractors have been employed with varying degrees of success. Corrosion monitoring may be inaccurate when employed, intermittent, or much more likely - nonexistent.

     Some areas of pipe such as dead ends, by-pass lines, basement areas, low flow sections, threaded joints, lead and lag equipment, or those periodically drained, are almost guaranteed to exhibit significantly higher and more damaging corrosion activity.

     In addition, wide differences in corrosion rates are commonly found where dissimilar metals meet, at horizontal vs. vertical pipe, at supply vs. return lines, and even at the top and bottom of the same section of pipe. Combined, such unknowns make it unlikely that a clear, thorough, and accurate understanding of current pipe condition exists.

     Very often, an assumption of piping integrity is made based upon visual observation, prior opinion, and unreliable data - especially that suggested by corrosion coupon results and/or the water treatment contractor.

     In order to provide the greatest degree of reliability, any evaluation method must address the various sizes of pipe installed, the furthermost areas of the system, top and bottom areas, horizontal and vertical runs, and both threaded and welded pipe. A piping evaluation, therefore, must address sufficient sections of pipe at its most vulnerable areas, as well as perform repetitive testing at each point - leaving ultrasound as the overwhelmingly preferred choice.

     Taking multiple wall thickness readings at any pipe section, not only identifies its current status, but more importantly - provides a virtual image and profile of its interior wall. The more uniform the result, the more likely a mild and general corrosion condition exists.

     A wildly varying thickness profile, in contrast, will indicate not only a pitting condition, but the high probability that even lower thickness values exist. Typically, a highest to lowest range in wall thickness of 0.100 in. or more strongly suggests, by itself, a severe corrosion condition. It also raises greater concern for those most vulnerable areas of the system.

     With the original pipe wall thickness and time in service known, calculations can be made regarding the approximate speed, as indicated in mils per year, that the pipe has reached its current thickness level. Even though the pipe is not likely to have corroded evenly over time, such corrosion rate estimates are generally accurate, and will fall within a certain range of values depending upon piping service.

     A theoretical minimum acceptable wall thickness calculation, or an estimate of the lowest point the pipe should be allowed to safely operate, can also be made based upon material strength, pipe diameter, operating pressure, thread loss, temperature, and corrosion factor. This allows a further prediction of the remaining service life at the pipe according to the time it will take to deteriorate from its current wall thickness, at the current rate, to its minimum acceptable value. From this point, a retirement date or remaining service estimate can be offered.

     If sufficient pipe locations are tested, individuals results can be grouped according to various criteria, and graphed to show any similarity or differences within the same piping service. Such further analysis helps to identify errors in the data, but most importantly will highlight any corrosion trends within the piping system.

     Data analysis and trending may show, for example, a higher corrosion rate at the smaller, low flow areas, or greater losses at the return side piping. See Technical Bulletin P-7 for more about the level of information provided by ultrasonic testing.

     Overall, ultrasonic pipe testing offers tremendous benefits. For many building operators, an ultrasonic report will very often provide the very first suggestion of a corrosion problem or concern - and provide the advance notice required to address it effectively. Years of 1 MPY corrosion coupon results may, in reality, prove to be substantially higher.

     Ultrasonic pipe testing can provide irrefutable evidence of a suspected corrosion problem, or document that a piping system has fulfilled its useful service life and is in need of replacement. At the high costs associated with any capitol piping replacement, an ultrasound report will provide the hard documentation necessary to move the project forward. Review a sample ultrasonic report.

     Similarly, it can save money by confirming that suspected bad pipe is still suitable for decades of additional use, or limit repairs to specific areas.

     Where no problems exist, ultrasound will provide greater security, and most importantly, establish a solid baseline from which future and even more accurate and reliable estimates of corrosion rate and remaining pipe life can be made.

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